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(16) 不分類 |
| 1. |
Pellikaan-Engel, Maja E., Philosophy Educating Humanity? （哲學化育人文?） |
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Over two millennia of Western philosophy has not yet contributed much to the education of humanity. Philosophy has almost always been the exclusive domain of a small group of men. This elite character makes the assumption that philosophy could contribute to the education of human beings towards humanity — a humanity of human rights — improbable. If we want to educate human beings towards humanity, we will first have to teach them a sense of responsibility. The power of persuasion needed in order to teach such a sense of responsibility requires that we demonstrate our involvement in and co-responsibility for their concrete problems by presenting clear analyses of these problems and by setting a good example wherever possible. One of the most universal and concrete problems of life is the issue of procreation. As regards this issue, however, philosophers have failed miserably: they themselves have often exhibited irresponsible procreation and have, in fact, only recently begun to consider the issue a subject for philosophy. I will try to analyze when a decision to procreate or abort may be called responsible and whether and to what extent the applications of modern techniques such as in vitro fertilization are in line with our views of human rights.（參閱網址） |
| 2. |
Platt, Thomas., Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals （醫學, 形上學與道德） |
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Moral decisions concerning what ought to be done always assume metaphysical presuppositions concerning the way the world is. In the field of biomedical ethics, some of the metaphysical presuppositions underlying many current discussions of issues of life and death seem particularly implausible. These include our assumption of the reality of social atomism and our beliefs relating to the possibility of autonomy. Given the implausibility of these two assumptions, many discussions have focused our attention on the wrong issues by reducing questions of alternative social practices to questions of individual preferences. Far from facilitating intelligent solutions to our problems, this merely clouds the issues involved.（參閱網址） |
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Rendtorff, Jacob Dahl. (哥本哈根大學), Basic Principles in Bioethics and Biolaw （生命倫理與生命法的基本原則） |
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As a scientific Rapporteur on a European Union Commission Project in the framework of the Research Programme Bio-Med II, I am currently writing a large report on basic bioethical and biolegal principles in Europe. The principles that are investigated are autonomy, dignity, integrity and vulnerability. Against this background, this paper is a clarification of the foundation and significance of these basic principles in bioethics and biolaw. The task of this paper is to elaborate on the philosophical and conceptual framework of these principles. The point of departure is a discussion of the choice of exactly these principles in the context of the law of the human person as well as of the ethical and legal status of the principles. This leads to the definition and explication of each concept and their mutual relations. It is important to emphasize that the principles, rather than being mutually exclusive, are interdependent and imply each other in the protection of human beings in biomedical research and application. Finally, the definition of these principles will be set in relation to social solidarity and responsibility in the modern welfare state where we experience a transformation of the legal system towards an extended notion of state responsibility and a concern and protection of the vulnerable and weak in European societies.（參閱網址） |
| 4. |
Tomlinson, Tom. (美國密西根州立大學), Balancing Principles in Beauchamp and Childress |
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In the latest edition of Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Tom Beauchamp and James Childress provide an expanded discussion of the ethical theory underlying their treatment of issues in medical ethics. Balancing judgements remain central to their method, as does the contention that such judgements are more than intuitive. This theory is developed precisely in response to the common skepticism directed at "principlism" in medical ethics. Such skepticism includes the claim that moral reasoning comes to a dead halt when confronted by competing conflicts between moral norms in a given pluralistic situation. In this paper, I use examples from the text to show that despite the authors’s arguments to the contrary, balancing judgements are the product of unreasoned intuitions. Given the necessity of some such judgements in any principle-based system, my argument highlights the degree to which principled ethical reasoning rests upon an arational core.（參閱網址） |
| 5. |
Coates, Joseph F., Treatment of Disease in the 21st Century- Toward the Manipulatible Human/the Human as a Building Block |
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The reality must be faced squarely that we are the first species to be able to directly intervene in shaping its own evolution. That Lamarckian capability will be uniquely ours, and it will effectively be irrepressible. Our choice is not yes or no. Our choice is to intelligently or stupidly manage that capability.
In the last 50 years, research has established the following:
- All heritable characteristics of living things are carried by a class of chemicals called deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA].
- This is a long chain made up of basically four components, which one can consider as A, B, C, and D.
- Those components comprise a code.
- The code forms units, which are called genes, which represent the heritable characteristics of the organism.
That code has been deciphered. It leads, in the egg, to the production of proteins. Those special proteins are catalysts, or more properly, enzymes, which working with the material in the immediate environment proceed to restructure those materials into the organism that the DNA is programmed to produce.
- We have learned to synthesize DNA.
- We have developed means for taking DNA apart, for putting it back together, and for combining synthetic DNA with natural DNA.
- We have learned that we can take DNA from any organism and put it in any other organism, and if circumstances permit the resulting organism will manifest the newly transferred characteristics.
- In brief, we have developed a technology of DNA.
About 4,500 human diseases and disorders are genetically based. At the one extreme is Huntington's disease, formerly called Huntington's chorea, which normally strikes its victim in the fifth decade. Basically, mental functions are lost, physical functions degrade, and over a period of several years the person dies a thoroughly miserable death, miserable for himself or herself and for the people in care and attendance. That is destiny implicit in that gene. There are no if, ands, or buts. If you carry the gene and live long enough, you will develop the disease.
On the other extreme, consider tuberculosis. There is no human gene for tuberculosis, but there are genes that make us more or less resistant. The likelihood of getting tuberculosis is probabilistic. All of the thousands of diseases and disorders fall somewhere on a spectrum from absolute certainty to probabilism.
The Human Genome Project, which is the most important biologic project now under way, had its origins in medical concerns and has consequently, been primarily focused on diseases and disorders. Its goal is to create the first map of all of the human genes, which are collectively known as a genome. Genome refers to both the collective genes of an individual and the collective genes of a species. With that information we should be in a better position to identify and relate the structure of DNA to specific diseases and susceptibilities. It is virtually daily news that a connection has been made between some disease and its genetic base. Six percent of breast cancer, X% of disease Y, unequivocal location of gene for disease Z, and so on.（參閱網址） |
| 6. |
Silver, Lee M., Reprogenetics:How do a Scientist's Own Ethical Deliberations Enter into the Process? |
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The use of genetic enhancement could greatly increase the gap between “have's” and “have-not's” in the world. The gap may emerge initially between classes within a society. Then the social advantage that wealthy societies currently maintain could be converted into a genetic advantage. And the already wide gap between wealthy and poor nations could widen further and further with each generation until all common heritage is gone. A severed humanity could very well be the ultimate legacy of unfettered global capitalism.（參閱網址） |
| 7. |
Shickle, Darren., When are we Capable of Understanding an Early Warning? |
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Sometimes it's difficult to prepare the public until the public is ready to be prepared - This paper will review the early warnings on human cloning that have been given over the last fifty years, why they were largely ignored, and consider the public policy response in other areas. The challenge for public policy and the ethics community will be to learn the lessons of the history of the cloning debate to ensure opportunities for public dialogue in this and other areas are not wasted in the future.（參閱網址） |
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Groth, Steffen., Advanced health technologies and medical ethics （醫學倫理與現代醫療科技之間—世界衛生組織的觀點） |
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WHO does not have a general official policy on advanced health technologies and medical ethics specifically endorsed by its governing bodies. The governing bodies have made specific resolutions on issues like transplantation and human cloning thereby defining the official WHO policy framework in these fields. The various policies defined the governing body resolutions together make a strong framework that can be applied to advanced health technologies and medical ethics. Is this framework enough or should WHO move forward and ask the Member States to discuss and vote a resolution on advanced health technologies?（參閱網址） |
| 9. |
Akira Akabayashi等 (日本京都大學), The development of a brief and objective method for evaluating moral sensitivity and reasoning in medical students |
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本篇為日本京都大學大學院醫學研究科人員，發展對於醫學倫理教育的簡單、客觀的一種評鑑方法。文章以兩個主要的測驗作為評鑑的方法：１．識別倫理問題測驗－－作為評鑑醫學生倫理敏感度的測驗，以及２．定義倫理議題的測驗－－作為評鑑醫學生倫理推論的能力測驗．本文並提供相關的倫理教育評價圖表以及他們所做的測驗結果。（參閱網址） |
| 10. |
Johane Patenaude, Theophile Niyonsenga, and Diane Fafard, Changes in students' moral development during medical school: a cohort study |
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The requirements of professionalism and the expected qualities of medical staff, including high moral character, motivate institutions to care about the ethical development of students during their medical education. We assessed progress in moral reasoning in a cohort of medical students over the first 3 years of their education. |
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